Simulation of Groundwater Flow Dynamics under Different Stresses Using MODFLOW in Rechna Doab, Pakistan

Groundwater is a primary source of freshwater provisions all around the world. Due to its limited availability, water has become precious entity nowadays. The future accessibility groundwater endangered due massive exploitation, particularly in irrigation sector. Therefore, current study was conducted assess declining levels Rechna Doab, Punjab, Pakistan, where aquifer been reported be highly stressed. A flow model developed using MODFLOW code USGS, and steady-state calibrated for year 2006, followed by transient calibration years 2006–2010. Finally, validated 2011–2013, new scenario-based approach used. Multiple scenarios were simulate response under changed recharge pumping. hydrodynamics studied two decades, i.e., up 2033. results business-as-usual scenario revealed net gain upper parts area. In contrast, lowering predicted central lower parts. maximum drop level anticipated 5.17 m, with 5 m. For Scenario II, which historical trend pumping, an overall decline observed, expected drawdown 15.68 However, proposed management III showed general decrease region, highest being 10.7 whereas recovery 6.87 m regions observed. simulations also suggested that unconfined actively responded different interventions. It concluded region’s needs immediate action regarding pumping patterns avoid potential increase costs preserve sustainability resources. Moreover, proper policy legislation should implemented order protect this resource.